Hydraulic motors have some distinguishing features. They are fluid power actuators with the capability to deliver either a linear or rotary motion. The type of motion delivered by hydraulic motors depends on the design. All hydraulic motors are capable of extracting fluid from a reservoir, cleaning it and returning it to the original reservoir.

Rephasing cylinders are two or more cylinders plumbed in series or parallel, with the bores and rods sized such that all rods extend and/or retract equally when flow is directed to the first, or last, cylinder within the system.

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In "parallel" applications, the bore and rod sizes are always the same, and the cylinders are always used in pairs. The schematic shown on this page is for a "parallel" re-phasing cylinder application. Such circuits are typically used for the steering function on machines.

In "series" applications, the bore and rod sizes are typically different, and two or more cylinders may be used. In these applications, the bores and rods are sized such that all rods extend or retract equally when flow is applied to the first or last cylinder within the system.

This hydraulic synchronization of rod positions eliminates the need for a flow divider in the hydraulic system, or any type of mechanical connection between the cylinder rods to achieve synchronization. All double-acting Energy® cylinders can be modified to take advantage of these rephasing design benefits.

As you can see below, HGMPTH-III Brewhouse ( Copper & SS304), with the capacity of 10HL, is not only admited with reasonable design and fabrication, it also presents fashionable and modern appearance. More and more modern bars, testing brewery and brewing showing room perfer such Brewhouse with copper appearance. Any further, please call us or send email.


Based on the continuous development of distillation equipment in the first half of this year, HGM creates new design with unique performance - Aroma Distillation Equipment in July.

Actually, HGM intends to fabricate distillation equipment in series to meet various demands from different professions and enterprises.

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We¡¯re proud that HGM is the first Chinese national manufacturer to engage in distillation equipment. With high starting point, HGM distillation equipment are completely developed and manufactured according to the highest level standards worldwide and has obtained many intellectual property rights right now.

Solar street lights are not new products. Usually, the system contains street lamps, solar panel, solar controller, batteries, arm, pole, wires and so on.

You may find some projects in your city. They can save all electricity cost and resources. It looks like great. You may think we should use solar street lamps everywhere. However, why are they not so popular?

1. Why not so popular now

The main reason is cost. When the power consumption of street lamps is 60 Watt, it needs 150 - 170 Watt solar panel and 2 units 80 Ah batteries. The cost is near USD 1, 000. If the power consumption is higher, such as 150 Watt, the cost will be a little amazing. Many countries can not accept the price.
However, as traditional HPS street lights, the power consumption is usually 60W, 80W, 150W, 250W or 400W. So, the cost is high in most of cases. Many countries can not accept the cost.

2. LED technology

In the past two years, LED street lights become more and more popular. They use LED (Light Emitting Diode) as light sources. Comparing with traditional HPS lamps, LED lamps can save 50%-70% energy. For example, 30W, 60W, 110W and 160W LED lamps can replace 80W, 150W, 250W and 400W HPS lamps.

3. Advantages of LED Street Lights

Main advantages are as follow

1). Lower power consumption

2). Higher power efficacy - LED street lights exceed mercury vapor's 31 lm/W. You can find higher efficacy measurement from for high pressure sodium lamps. It is just misleading because It includes wasted light that in turn wastes energy. In the market, many power efficacy of LED street lights can reach up to 80lm/w.
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3). More Lux Per Watt - more than double that of a mercury vapor street light. The equivalent measurement for high pressure sodium lamps is skewed by hot spots that bump up the lux rating but cause undesirable visibility, safety and glare problems.

4) Longer lifetime (50,000 hours)

4. Why solar LED street lights will be very popular

Because LED lamps are energy saving, it can reduce cost of solar kits. When the cost is low, many countries can accept them.

For example, 60W solar LED street lamps can replace traditional 150W HPS street lamps. It will save all electricity. If you calculate ROI, you will find it's over 30% in two years. Why not accept?

Besides, LED is in semiconductor industry. The efficiency increases quickly. The cost of solar panel will be lower in the future.

So, LED lamps with solar kits are perfect combination. They will be very popular in the future 3 years.

Contrary to what you might believe, while they may be the most stylized of all truck and Jeep parts, wheels aren't all about adding glitz and shine. In fact, choosing wheels deserves lengthy consideration, as the right set of wheels can provide additional performance benefits that make buying them not just a stylistic decision, but a smart one as well. Particularly with regard to off-road oriented Jeeps, choosing the optimum set of Jeep wheels can be as important an item to consider as many other Jeep parts.

Factors to be Wary of When Choosing Truck Wheels and Jeep Wheels:

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When choosing a set of truck or Jeep wheels, the first recognition that one needs to make is just how vital they are to a vehicle. The type of wheels chosen can have a direct, significant impact upon ride quality, handling, and safety, and oftentimes prove to be just as crucial as many other essential truck and Jeep parts. Moreover, picking the right wheels and taking proper care of them are crucial factors in maintaining optimum performance, and of course, keeping up that slick look. It is important to remember that wheels are providing stability for an entire vehicle. They are directly connected to the axle, brakes, and suspension system. Should a single wheel falter, this could be disastrous for other components in your vehicle.

Corrosion:

Ideally, when it comes to having polished, shiny Jeep and truck wheels, it is very important to keep them that way as much as possible. Wheel corrosion should be taken seriously, not only because of the effects on appearance, but for harmful and potentially unsafe consequences as well.

There are numerous types of corrosion that can damage or otherwise deteriorate Jeep and truck wheels. Rust can eat away at some wheel metals, causing disfiguration and stability breakage. Corroding brakes can also leak onto the wheel itself, leading to further corrosion. Additionally, brake dust that accumulates on wheels can permanently stain or tarnish certain wheel metals when combined with heat buildup during everyday driving. Finally, for the off-road enthusiasts, rocks, dirt, and sand can scratch sparkling chromes, and sometimes even become entrenched in wheels made of more porous metals, leading to further corrosion.

Granted, significant corrosion that results in considerable wheel damage is a rarity; however, this is not to suggest that regular upkeep and cleaning of your wheels can be outright neglected.



Bending/Breakage:

Bending and breakage are irregular occurrences provided that you exercise caution when driving, but this is not to suggest that they are factors to be taken lightly. Especially for off-road enthusiasts who tackle some of the toughest terrains using low air pressure crawling, wheel bending or breakage can ruin any off-road outing, as driving on one frayed truck wheel or dented Jeep wheel can damage an entire suspension system. Rough driving on bumpy roads or extended driving over potholes or speed bumps can also lead to wheel damage, particularly if air pressure is low, or if the suspension system is not sufficient.

Sizing:

Essentially, the job of the wheels on your vehicle are to work with the suspension system to keep as much of the tires in contact with the road, particularly during turns and braking. A set of quality truck wheels can mean the difference between a tire catching the road on a rainy day, or spinning out of control on a patch of pebbles on the highway. In order to ensure optimum tire contact, it is important to take truck wheel sizing into major consideration.

There are three aspects to wheel sizing that work together with the suspension design: wheel offset, aspect ratio, and tire width. Offset refers to the distance from the very center of the wheel to the mounting surface of the wheel disc at the hub. Wheel offset can be positive, negative or zero. A "0" offset means that the mounting surface of the wheel is in the center of the wheel. This measurement is very important in positioning the tire. This also allows for adequate dual spacing.

In fact, the valve industry has gone through a very prosperous time in many hydraulic systems. Therefore, hydraulic valves are named. They are commonly used to control the flow of liquids in side of the valve bodies or pipelines. Some types are generally used to regulate the flow, while some are used to shut off the flow. No matter what, a great variety has played an important role at controlling the flow and pressure of the fluid in order for the proper operation of the entire equipment.

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Similarly, hydraulic valve have some basic components. They are the main casting, valve bonnet, and valve seat and valve disc. And the valve disc is manufactured to protect the valve from leakage effectively. Basing on these components, plenty of designs are carried out to serve various requirements. For example, the adoption of multiple of the valve disc or valve seat or others is appreciated to meet the more specific specifications.

What else, the difference on the inside parts leads to more vibrations of the hydraulic valve. For example, the valve with a tapered cylinder is just made to regulate the amount and pressure of the flow. And the valve in port type affects well to shut the flow off. Whatever, the adoption of the backflow preventer has been widely implemented so as to ensure the excellent performance of regulating or shutting off. In order to adapt to the more specific industrial requirements, hydraulic valve can be operated by hand or can be controlled with the machine, even the flow itself. Just take the float valve for example. One certain point has been set. If the flow upper than the set point, the valve is opened to let the flow in and out. If the certain low point has been reached, the float valve would shut the flow off.

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The 6000 Series Bearings, extra light bearings are normally used in applications where space limitations are a primary consideration and shaft sizes are relatively large. The bearings have four types are available, open type (No shields), ZZ type (Metal shields), 2RS type (Contact rubber seals), 2RZ type (Non-contact rubber shields).
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Other caster designs are configured to be attached to an article after the article's manufacturing process. The caster design disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,559,802 to Eidus entitled ¡°Caster Assembly¡± describes a caster that may be easily added to an article by use of adhesive, as opposed to the use of a screw, bolt or other fastening device. The Eidus caster design utilizes a ball bearing retained within a caster block by use of a separate retaining ring through which the ball bearings extends. In another described embodiment, the caster block and retaining ring are made integral, wherein the spherical opening of the caster block flexes to accept the ball bearing.

Therefore, there appears a need in the art for an easy to manufacture, easy to use caster that is reliable and avoids the problems of the known art. There is also a need in the art for a caster that is simple in construction and easy to manufacture.

These and other objects of the present invention are realized in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, described by way of example and not by way of limitation, which provides for a caster assembly for supporting an article comprising a housing, a ball bearing and a bearing retaining member.

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In brief summary, the present invention overcomes and substantially alleviates the deficiencies in the prior art by providing a caster comprising a housing with an inflexible opening and a bearing retaining member, both of which retain a ball bearing within a bore of the caster housing.

Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following more detailed description and drawings in which like elements of the invention are similarly numbered throughout.

construction firms and other industrial companies in the 'Silver State' as well as across the nation and beyond sourcing for air supply equipment have a new resource to compare brands and dealers with the debut of IndustrialSAVER's new International Directory of Compressors Suppliers at
http://www.worldwideindustrialmarketplace.com/directory/compressors.html The company said the air equipment guide includes offerings blowers, used air compressors, reciprocating, screw, high pressure, electric & gas powered, oil free compressors as well as industrial, piston, portable, centrifugal, rotary, truck-mounted, heavy-duty, and other compressor types offered by national and international manufacturers, exporters and dealers specializing in air equipment.
Christian Lewis, spokesperson for IndustrialSAVER, an online marketplace for the manufacturing community said the company also publishes a vertical Compressors Guide in partnership with ArriveNEWS, an engineering & manufacturing ezine at http://www.arrivenews.com/exhibitors/compressors.html According to Mr. Lewis, the publication serves as an air equipment buyers' guide for companies and organizations involved in various sectors such as construction, mining, manufacturing, automotive services, heavy equipment, cleanroom, PCB assembly, small parts machining, military & government, HVAC, refrigeration as well as other markets utilizing air compressors, blowers and allied equipment.

“IndustrialSAVER and its network of B2B portals is committed to making its websites some of the more user-friendly, comprehensive and time efficient resources for those looking to buy new, used or re-manufactured air compressors online,” said Lewis. He went on to say I-SAVER and its partner ArriveNews.com recently increased its offerings for air compressors by 35% offered by dealers, factory representatives, authorized retailers and distributors selling name brands recommended by Industrial Leaders Group (ILG) editors such as Ingersoll Rand®, Industrial Air®, Jenny®, Briggs & Stratton™, Campbell Hausfeld® (ranked first by ILG) as well as AirMan®, Power Mate™ and Quincy Compressors®.
About IndustrialSAVER
IndustrialSAVER, a division of IndustrialLeaders.com is an international online B2B marketplace for companies looking to buy and sell industrial supplies, equipment and machinery. Users are able to post and explore offerings for a wide range of industrial products and manufacturing services


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Montreal's controversial water-meter project is coming back.

A team of civil servants in the city's water-management department has been working to reformulate the $600-million project that was cancelled last year after Montreal auditor-general Jacques Bergeron released a damning report on irregularities, including that the competition was narrowed to award a $355.8-million contract that went to the consortium Génieau to buy and manage 30,500 industrial and commercial water meters and underground water flow regulators.

The team, which has been working for the city manager's office, is expected to present a proposal sometime this year, Hervé Logé, a section chief in the water-management department, said yesterday.

Logé works for a separate team that is responsible for managing 50,000 existing municipal meters, 7,000 of which are in industrial, commercial and institutional buildings and 43,000 are in homes.

The city executive committee authorized a call for tenders on Wednesday to replace 2,200 outdated or broken meters, the city announced yesterday. The meters are expected to be delivered later this year, Logé said.

The replacement operation "is not linked to the project to relaunch the installation of water meters in (industrial, commercial and institutional buildings)," a civil service report on the matter says. It's an administrative decision based on the need to maintain existing meters to ensure readings and billing are accurate, it adds.

However, the report also says the Quebec government is developing a water conservation plan that will require municipalities to put water meters in industrial, commercial and institutional buildings. It will also require municipalities to accurately track over-all consumption using readings from water meters.

The city plans to get municipal staff to install half of the 2,200 replacement meters that are destined for industrial, commercial and institutional buildings, Logé said. The other half of the meters are residential and are destined for the boroughs of LaSalle and St. Laurent, which will manage their installation, he said.


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Using an aluminum casting to replace an iron casting will result in reducing component weight by half. That is why auto producers are searching the areas where they may replace iron parts with aluminium parts. Most auto manufacturers prefer alloys of aluminium specially the A 300 series which have a mix of silicon + a minor amount of magnesium.

The silicon provides fluidity while casting, which allows thinner parts to be cast. The magnesium gives strength (via heat treatment). An important feature of aluminum and its alloys is that in comparison with ferrous alloys which show a unlimited fatigue strength, the fatigue strength of aluminum alloys goes down with increase in number of stress cycles this needs to be taken in account while designing its parts.

For getting high quality castings a variety of processes are followed. While casting permanent molds precautions are taken to ensure that it gets required cooling and vacuum pressure is also applied to ensure correct flow and lessen porosity. Aluminum is one of the few metals which may be cast by all processes of casting.

Die casting:

Aluminum alloys are more utilized in die casting than alloys of any metal. In USA alone 2.5 billion dollars worth aluminum alloy die castings are manufactured every year. Die casting is suitable for production of smaller parts. But when expensive manufacturing equipment is used the castings weigh 5kg-50kg. Cost effectiveness can be obtained only by large scale production. With die casting it is possible to have close tolerance and fine finishing surface. Die castings are manufactured by injecting melted metal into metal molds under considerable pressure. Quick injecting and quick solidification under high pressure make a fine grain surface, which leads to having best wear and fatigue properties. Aluminum die castings are generally not given heat treatment, so they cannot be welded.

Permanent die casting:

It is also known as gravity die casting and is suitable for large scale production. Their maximum weight is 10kg. But where heavy cost machinery and tools are used the weight of casting may go up to 50kg. Permanent mold casting have low pouring rate but metal molds solidify quickly, mechanical properties of permanent mold castings may be further bettered by heat treatment.

Sand casting:

Sand casting is casting of a mold with sand. In normal sand casting, the mold is made around a design by forcing sand mixed along with a bonding agent on the design. Then the design is taken out which leaves a cavity for casting. Melted metal is poured into the mold and after its solidification the mold is broken to remove casting. The most normal bonding agent is a mix of clay and water. Good metal handling practice is needed for getting good castings.

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Investment castings:

It normally uses plaster molds and throwaway designs of wax or other burnable materials. Plaster slurry is "invested" all round designs for many castings the designs are melted out as the plaster is baked. By these castings you can make precision parts, the aluminum parts can have walls as thin 0.40 to 0.75 mm. It is also used to make large number of parts of fine shapes which need no further machining. These parts have low mechanical properties.

I can customize everything else, but can I make my Nokia cell phone unique? The answer, I found, is that I can do so very easily with a Nokia face plate. Cell phones, to many of us, are a big part of who we are. Our friends are in the contact list, we use the phone for calls, emails, and even to surf the internet. If that is the case, then, shouldn’t we make our phones unique to us? Of course we should, and it is possible. Even though so many cell phones look exactly alike, with the use of Nokia face plates, you can make your phone unique to you.

The face plate is basically the front of your phone. A Nokia face plate offers a very easy way to change that front to show off a theme, color, or idea without putting a lot of effort into it or having to tear apart your phone too much. It is easy to change a Nokia face plate so that you can get the look you want in what is likely a very important and highly personal possession.

In this day and age, personal expression is a big deal. You want to be able to express yourself and display who you are to everyone in every aspect of your life. There was a time when you couldn’t really do that with a cell phone. That is not true anymore, though. Thanks to the easy to use Nokia face plates, you can make your phone unique. Change the ring tone to fit you then add a cool new face plate that best represents you and you are ready to go. Your phone will then not only be your planner, internet browser, contact to the world, and lifeline to your own schedule, but it will also be an representation of who you are to everyone who sees or hears it.

The other advantage to an easy to change Nokia face plate is that you can change it often. You can, if you so desire, change your Nokia face plate to reflect your mood on a given day. Face plates, as a rule, are not very expensive, so it would be easy to make sure you have plenty of them on hand. You will be able to get up in the morning, think about how you feel that day and how you want to show the world you feel and do so with a new Nokia face plate. The options are almost endless in the message you can send when you combine ring tones with face plates to make your phone a total message sending source of self-expression.


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There are a number of advantages to using alloy car wheels, but most people don't know the difference between them and standard steel ones. More and more cars are including allow wheels as their standard wheels, but why? Here, we'll take a look at some of the ways allow wheels are superior to steel ones, as well as why you might want to replace your car's wheels or make your next purchase include them.

Allow car wheels can either be cast in a mould or forged. They do not have to be welded together, which makes them naturally stronger than steel wheels (which are pressed from sheet metal and then welded, making them ugly and weaker). The forged alloy wheels are even stronger and lighter than the cast ones, but are typically more expensive. They offer very high levels of strength for less overall weight, which affects their performance in several ways. First, it takes stress off the suspension, allowing your car to more easily maintain contact with the road and therefore handle better. It also reduces the heat applied to your tires and brakes. This makes it less likely for your brakes to fail due to overheating, and will help your brakes last longer.

Alloy car wheels are also more fuel efficient, due to their lighter weight relative to steel wheels. They are very durable, and are resistant to corrosion even without a coat of paint or hubcaps. This allows them to not only have a bare metal look that some people prefer, but keeps them from wearing down as much over time. Even if they are damaged, they are easier and cheaper to repair than steel wheels because they are not welded together. They are more expensive to produce, but cheaper to maintain and last longer, as well as reducing the amount of stress on the rest of your car.

Essentially, alloy car wheels offer better handling, increased durability, more efficiency, and lower maintenance costs than steel wheels. Their only real drawback is that if they are not treated they are subject to galvanic corrosion, which can cause air leaks. However, there are relatively easy steps one can take to prevent this. Overall, alloy wheels offer all of the benefits of standard wheels and fewer of the drawbacks, and eventually pay for themselves because of the increase your car will receive in its performance and their long lives.



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One night, George W. Bush is tossing restlessly in his White House bed. He awakens to see George Washington standing by him Bush asks him, “George, what''s the best thing I can do to help the country?”

“Set an honest and honorable example, just as I did,” Washington advises, and then fades away…

The next night, Bush is astir again, and sees the ghost of Thomas Jefferson moving through the darkened bedroom. Bush calls out, “Tom, please! What is the best thing I can do to help the country?”

“Respect the Constitution, as I did,” Jefferson advises, and dims from sight…The third night sleep still does not come for Bush. He awakens to see the ghost of FDR hovering over his bed. Bush whispers, “Franklin, What is the best thing I can do to help the country?”

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Three guys die and end up at the gates of heaven, talking to St. Peter.

“So,” Peter asks the first guy, “how many times did you cheat on your wife?”

“None. I had a perfect marriage.”

“Great,” says Peter. “You get to cruise around heaven in a Mercedes. And you, how many times did you cheat on your wife?”

“Only twice, I think,” says the second guy.

“Okay. You get to cruise around heaven in a Cadillac. And you, how many times did you cheat on your wife?”

“12 times. Maybe 13,” says the third guy.

“Okay,” says Peter. “You get a rusty Ford.”


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A man and his wife are dining at a table in a plush restaurant, and the husband keeps staring at an old drunken lady swigging her gin as she sits alone at a nearby table, until the wife asks,

“Do you know her?”

“Yes,” sighs the husband, “She's my ex-wife. She took to drinking right after we divorced seven years ago, and I hear she hasn't been sober since.”

“My God!” says the wife, “Who would think a person could go on celebrating that long?”



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A judge in a small city was hearing a drunk-driving case and the defendant, who had both a record and a reputation for driving under the influence, demanded a jury trial.

It was nearly 4:00 p.m. and getting a jury would take time, so the judge called a recess and went out in the hall looking to impanel anyone available for jury duty. He found a dozen lawyers in the main lobby and told them that they were a jury. The lawyers thought this would be a novel experience and so followed the judge back to the courtroom.

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One evening, two Alabama State Trooper patrol cars were in hot pursuit of a Chevy Camaro going east on I-20 toward Georgia. When the suspect vehicle crossed the Georgia line, the first Trooper pulled over quickly.

The rookie Trooper pulled over right behind him and asked, “Hey Sarge, why the heck did you stop? We almost had that guy and his girlfriend.”

The Sarge replied, “You stupid rookie! That Camaro is in Georgia now. They are an hour ahead of us, so we’ll never be able to catch ‘em.”

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A farmer rears twenty-five young hens and one old cock. As he feels that the old cock could no longer handle his job efficiently, the farmer bought one young cock from the market.

Old cock to Young cock : "Welcome to join me, we will work together towards productivity.


Young cock : What ya mean? As far as I know, you are old and should be retired.


Old cock : Young boy, there are twenty-five hens here, can't I help you with some?


Young cock : No! Not even one, all of them will be mine.


Old cock : In this case, I shall challenge you to a competition and if I win you shall allow me to have one hen and if I loose you will have all.



Young cock : O.K. What kind of competition?


Old cock : 50 meter run. From here to that tree. But due to my age, I hope you allow me to start off the first 10 meters.



Young cock : No problem ! We will compete tomorrow morning.

Confidently, the following morning, the Young cock allows the Old cock to start off and when the Old cock crosses the 10 meters mark the Young cock chases him with all his might.



Soon enough, he was behind the Old cock back in a matter of seconds.


Suddenly, Bang! ...... before he could overtake the old cock, he was shot dead by the farmer, who cursed, "Hell ! This is the fifth GAY chicken I've bought this week !"

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A young farm lad from Iowa goes off to college, but about 1/3 of the way through the semester, he has foolishly squandered away all of the money his parents gave him. Then he gets an idea. He calls his daddy. "Dad," he says, "you won't believe the wonders that modern education is coming up with! Why, they actually have a program here at Iowa State that will teach our dog Ole Blue how to talk!"
That's absolutely amazing," his father says. "How do I get him in that program?"

Just send him down here with $1,000" the boy says. "I'll get him into the course." So, his father sends the dog and the $1,000. About 2/3 way through the semester, the money runs out. The boy calls his father again.
So how's Ole Blue doing, son," his father asks.

Awesome, Dad, he's talking up a storm," he says, "but you just won't believe this - they've had such good results with this program that they've implemented a new one to teach the animals how to READ!"
"READ," says his father, "No kidding! What do I have to do to get him in that program?"

"Just send $2,500, I'll get him in the class." His father sends the money.

The boy now has a problem. At the end of the year, his father will find out that the dog can neither talk, nor read. So he shoots the dog.
When he gets home at the end of the semester, his father is all excited. "Where's Ole Blue? I just can't wait to see him talk and read something!"
"Dad," the boy says, "I have some grim news. Yesterday morning, just before we left to drive home, Ole Blue was in the living room kicked back in the recliner, reading the Wall Street Journal, like he usually does. Then he turned to me and asked, 'So, is your daddy still messing around with that little redhead who lives in town?' "
The father says, "I hope you SHOT that S.O.B. Before he talks to your mother!"

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More of santa jokes
Santa to his wife: darling, years ago u had a figure like coke bottle.

Jeeto: yes darling i still do, only differnece is earlier it was 300ml now it's 1.5 ltr.

-----------

banta: you cheated me.

shopkeeper: no, i sold a good radio to you.

banta: radio label shows made in japan but radio says this is all india radio!

-----------

nurse: congrats santa, you are a father.

santa: don't tell my wife, i want to surprise her!

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Willie's Workbench
Winches And Such
When I first started fourwheeling back in the dark ages (it was referred to as "jeeping" then), very few people had winches mounted on their vehicles. There were a few PTO winches available from long-forgotten names and some electric winch companies, but the ones I had any contact with were usually homemade modified military-surplus "bomb winches" with 12-volt starter motors attached in place of a crank.
Just in case you don¡¯t have a clue to what a "PTO" winch is, perhaps an explanation is necessary. PTO (power take-off) winches probably originated with military vehicles. A separate gearbox is attached to either the transfer case or the transmission, and from it a driveshaft was snaked past the front (or in some instances the rear) axle to a gearbox on the winch. To engage the winch, a lever inside the cab was shifted. Winch speed was dependent on engine speed. On today¡¯s 4x4s, snaking a driveshaft forward past the suspension, exhaust system and front axle is pretty difficult, and about the only place you see PTOs is on military trucks, construction equipment and tow trucks.

Arthur Warn most likely was responsible for the development and expansive use of the modern electric winch that is so prolifically mounted on the front of vehicles today. In 1959, he teamed up with the Belleview Manufacturing Company to produce the now long line of electric winches under the Warn name.

Enough of the history lesson. What I really want to talk about is winch capacity. A commonly question asked is, "How much winching capacity do I need?" Generally speaking, the minimum capacity you want can be figured as: 1.5 x (vehicle weight or pulled load)

For instance, if your Jeep weighs in at 4,000 pounds, then a 6,000-pound winch is the minimum capacity of pulling power you need. If your truck is tipping the scales at 6,000 pounds, then a 9,000-pound winch is necessary. Again, generally speaking, bigger is better (up to a point, anyway), so perhaps in some instances you would need to go to two times the vehicle weight.

Most winch pulls are well under the maximum spooled-on cable length of 75 to 125 feet. It takes at least three full layer wraps of the cable around the drum to hold this much cable. However, as the cable overwraps itself, the rotational ratio on the drum becomes higher, thus reducing the overall gear ratio and, in effect, the pulling power of the winch. Winches are rated as to their maximum capacity at full amperage draw and on the bottom layer of cable. By the third or even fourth layer, the capacity is significantly less.

Actually, there is a lot more involved when picking a winch¡¯s capacity besides vehicle or pulling load weight. We can start out with angle or slope, or in simpler terms, how steep of a hill are you pulling the load up? Gravity is not our friend here, so vehicle weight is the first factor, then the slope. You have rolling resistance, starting with that which is inherent to the vehicle itself. Other factors are smooth surfaces, dirt or sand (wet or dry), as well as the different types of mud and their depths. The distance and angle of the pull also need to be taken into account. All these may present an instance where you need to use a factor of two times the load equals winch capacity.

There are several different formulas for factoring in these parameters that go beyond my desire to do that much math, but the 4x4 Icon (http://www.liftwinches.com/) has this way-cool spreadsheet that does it for you with your input of numbers.

For example: Pulling a 4,000-pound vehicle up a 50-degree slope that was in deep mud would take over 6,300 pounds of pulling force. On the other hand, if the vehicle was on a 10-degree slope on pavement, it would only take a pulling force of a bit over 800 pounds.

Actually, it¡¯s kind of fun to play with the different factors. It sure gives you a better idea of just how hard your winch has to work. One thing that the spreadsheet can¡¯t do for you is figure out how much pull is necessary when the tire encounters an obstacle such as a large rock. The size and shape of the obstacle, tire diameter, and even air pressure all have a cause-and-effect that¡¯s best figured by common sense and experience. Be sure to keep in mind that the figures on the spreadsheet may be higher, depending on the "stuck" condition of the vehicle, and are only to be taken as guidelines.

Now, let¡¯s go back a bit and assume you figure you can get by just fine with a 9,000-pound capacity winch. Remember what I said about the pulling capacity of the winch being diminished by the number of layers of cable on the winch drum? You really need to check and compare these actual capacities per layer with the figures that are provided by the particular winch manufacturer you¡¯re interested in.

Here is a simple example of how this works. Let¡¯s say you figure you want a winch with a 9000-pound capacity rated at the number-one bottom layer cable on the drum:

Cable layer 1 2 3 4
Capacity (1,000 lb) 9 8 7 6
Line speed (fpm) 6 7 8 9


From this simple chart, you can see that your 9,000-pound winch may only have a 6,000-pound capacity on the top layer, so on a short pull, your winch may not have the necessary capacity, especially on a pull in deep mud. On a long pull, you may run out of pulling capacity as the winch cable is spooled in, and you may have to relocate the pulling vehicle or your anchor point.

Something else to keep in mind is amp draw, as it has a major effect on winch performance. Amp draw is the amount of current that the winch motor requires to perform a load-pulling function. The harder the pull, the more amps are required, up to the point of the motor actually stalling as it reaches its maximum pulling power or capacity. Permanent-magnet motors draw less current than series-wound motors and can be built smaller. However, their drawback is that they- overheat quite quickly, so for serious long pulls without more frequent cool-down periods, the series-wound motors are generally the way to go.

Winches draw a lot of amps, some times in the 400-amp range under full load. So it is not hard to figure that a battery with a 55-amp rating doesn¡¯t have much reserve capacity. That¡¯s where our alternators come in. Keeping the battery charged to full capacity when doing a hard winch pull is nearly impossible, but because very seldom does one make a long continuous pull at full load, an alternator in the 100- to 150-amp capacity seems to work just fine.

Actually, you could overtax the alternator to the point of meltdown if you were doing a lot of winching without a cool-down period. But then again, that would mean a lot of winching. Yes, we could get into the fact that as the battery voltage gets drawn down, amp draw increases to meet the wattage demand, but we are not going to go that far. In reality, pick the best battery you can find within your financial range that will fit in your battery tray, and then keep in mind when the winch motor gets hot to the touch that it¡¯s time to give the motor and alternator some cool-down time.

Obviously, the more storage capacity of the battery or batteries and the larger output of the alternator, the more winching time one will have. When picking a winch, you might want to consider comparing amp draw and different loads. You just may find that a 10,000-pound winch pull draws fewer amps on, say, an 8,000-pound pull than a 8,000-pound winch does at full capacity.

Next month, hopefully I will get into proper rigging and ways to lessen the strain on your winch.
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